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Modified calibration asking the engine for more boost, fuel or timing than its hardware was designed to deliver. It is a legitimate diagnostic finding rather than a judgement, because the codes it produces are the standard monitors doing exactly their job against targets they were never calibrated for.

Overboost codes are the commonest result. A map raising boost beyond the standard's expected window trips the module's own limit even though the turbocharger is delivering precisely what it was asked for — so the fault is in the request, not the hardware. The wastegate, the actuator and the sensors all test correctly, which is what sends the diagnosis in circles.

Ask what has been done to the vehicle before pursuing these codes. Owners frequently do not volunteer it, and a tuning box left in place under a trim panel is easy to miss. Reverting to the original calibration and re-testing is the definitive check — a fault that disappears with the standard map was never a hardware fault, and one that persists is real and now diagnosable against known targets.