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Friction material worn to or beyond its limit. It is recorded as a cause because modern vehicles detect it in several ways, and the resulting codes do not always mention pads: a wear sensor circuit completing as the material exposes it, or a module inferring wear from caliper travel and fluid level.

Fluid level is the mechanism people miss. As pads wear, the caliper pistons extend and the fluid that fills behind them comes from the reservoir — so a level that falls steadily with no leak is pads wearing, and a low-fluid warning can be the first sign. A brake fluid warning with no leak is worth taking to the pads before the hydraulics.

Electric parking brakes complicate the replacement. The calipers must be retracted electronically in service mode, and winding one back mechanically damages the mechanism. Check both sides and both axles — uneven wear points at a dragging caliper or a seized slider, which is a different fault that will consume the new pads too.