Cause
Incorrect ignition timing
Spark delivered at the wrong moment relative to the piston. On a modern engine timing is calculated rather than set, so this is almost never somebody having mistimed anything — it is the module acting on a reference that has moved.
A stretched timing chain or a slipped belt is the mechanical version, shifting the camshaft's relationship to the crankshaft so every calculation built on it is offset. The signature is a crankshaft-to-camshaft correlation code stored alongside the misfire. Too early gives detonation and knock retard; too late gives poor economy, high exhaust temperature and a flat engine. Check the mechanical timing marks before adjusting anything electronic, since no module compensates for a chain that has jumped a tooth.
Typically a moderate job.
Some of these codes mean you should stop driving
1 of the 1 codes this can cause indicate a fault where continuing to drive risks damage or is unsafe. Which one you have matters more than the cause does — read the code's own page before deciding.
Codes this can cause (1)
Codes where this is a likely explanation first, rather than merely a possible one.
Information, not instruction
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Have anything you intend to act on checked by a trained person against the manufacturer's own procedure for your vehicle. Nothing here replaces that procedure.
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