Cause
Damaged calibration resistor in connector
A calibration resistor built into a component's connector, damaged so the module reads the wrong value. Some sensors and injectors are trimmed by a resistor in the plug rather than by a code entered with a tool — the module measures it and applies the correction automatically.
Damage gives a plausible but wrong correction, so the component is trimmed for a specification it does not have. Everything tests as working and the readings are merely wrong by a consistent amount, which is the hardest kind of fault to see.
The damage is nearly always mechanical and self-inflicted. A probe forced into the connector, a pin spread, or the resistor cracked when the plug was levered off. Measure the resistance across the identified pins and compare it against the specification — and note that this is a reason to be careful with test probes here, since the act of measuring badly is what breaks it.
Typically a moderate job.
Codes this can cause (2)
Codes where this is a likely explanation first, rather than merely a possible one.
Information, not instruction
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