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A replacement alternator that does not match the vehicle's charging strategy. Modern alternators do not self-regulate to a fixed voltage — a module commands a target over a communication line — and a unit expecting to regulate itself will not obey it.

The result is charging that is wrong in a plausible way: a steady voltage where the vehicle wanted a varying one, so the battery is under- or overcharged and the module reports a command it cannot verify. Everything works and the battery quietly fails early. Compare commanded charging voltage against measured — a measured value that ignores the command is the unit. Check the part number against the vehicle identification number rather than against physical fitment, since the wrong unit bolts on perfectly.