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Supply voltage falling while a module was writing to its own memory, corrupting what was being written. Modules write during programming and also during ordinary shutdown, saving adaptations and counters — so this is not confined to a workshop.

The codes name internal memory and read like a hardware failure. Checksum errors, EEPROM faults and programming errors on a module that has just been programmed, or on a vehicle with a weak battery, are far more likely to be an interrupted write than a failed chip. Reprogramming succeeds where replacement is merely expensive.

Prevention is the practical point. Programming can take many minutes with the ignition on and the engine off, and a battery that sags mid-write corrupts the block being written — use a proper stabilised supply rather than a charger, whose ripple and switching are not what these sessions need. A weak battery is the other route, so a vehicle with unexplained memory faults is worth testing electrically before its modules are condemned.